Simulations

= = flat = = =Graphing Calculator=

Graphing Calculator link

This section contains a number of programs, we have written to illustrate basic scientific principles using interactive models. These programs are written in C++ using Windows MFC. After downloading the zip file, run the installation program. The program will be installed in your computers ‘Program files’ directory and can be run by clicking on the shortcut. If you want to remove the program, use ‘Add or Remove Programs’ located in yoSur computers ‘Control Panel’ directory. =**Simulations for all topics**=


 * 1) @http://www.walter-fendt.de/html5/phen/


 * Mechanics ||


 * [|Motion with Constant Acceleration] || 11/02/2000 - 03/06/2017 ||
 * [|Equilibrium of Three Forces] || 03/11/2000 - 11/07/2014 ||
 * [|Resultant of Forces (Addition of Vectors)] || 11/02/1998 - 08/06/2014 ||
 * [|Resolution of a Force into Components] || 05/30/2003 - 09/15/2014 ||
 * [|Pulley System] || 03/24/1998 - 12/23/2014 ||
 * [|Lever Principle] || 11/01/1997 - 04/06/2016 ||
 * [|Inclined Plane] || 02/24/1999 - 10/04/2015 ||
 * [|Newton's Second Law Experiment] || 12/23/1997 - 09/30/2016 ||
 * [|Projectile Motion] || 09/13/2000 - 06/17/2015 ||
 * [|Elastic and Inelastic Collision] || 11/07/1998 - 12/23/2014 ||
 * [|Newton's Cradle] || 11/04/1997 - 08/06/2014 ||
 * [|Uniform Circular Motion] || 03/25/2007 - 12/26/2014 ||
 * [|Carousel (Centripetal Force)] || 03/10/1999 - 10/05/2016 ||
 * [|Kepler's First Law] || 03/25/2000 - 01/31/2016 ||
 * [|Kepler's Second Law] || 04/04/2000 - 02/10/2016 ||
 * [|Buoyant Force in Liquids] || 04/19/1998 - 11/11/2015 ||


 * Oscillations and Waves ||


 * [|Simple Pendulum] || 05/21/1998 - 09/20/2014 ||
 * [|Spring Pendulum] || 05/24/1998 - 10/11/2014 ||
 * [|Coupled Pendula] || 07/05/1998 - 11/07/2014 ||
 * [|Forced Oscillations (Resonance)] || 09/09/1998 - 10/06/2015 ||
 * [|Beats] || 10/21/2001 - 01/07/2016 ||
 * [|Standing Wave (Explanation by Superposition with the Reflected Wave)] || 07/09/2003 - 01/07/2016 ||
 * [|Standing Longitudinal Waves] || 06/08/1998 - 10/11/2014 ||
 * [|Interference of two Circular or Spherical Waves] || 05/22/1999 - 06/17/2015 ||
 * [|Doppler Effect] || 02/25/1998 - 06/17/2015 ||


 * Electrodynamics ||


 * [|Magnetic Field of a Bar Magnet] || 04/20/2001 - 03/06/2016 ||
 * [|Magnetic Field of a Straight Current-Carrying Wire] || 09/18/2000 - 12/26/2014 ||
 * [|Lorentz Force] || 06/01/1998 - 08/06/2014 ||
 * [|Direct Current Electrical Motor] || 11/29/1997 - 09/30/2014 ||
 * [|Generator] || 05/08/1998 - 12/22/2015 ||
 * [|Ohm's Law] || 11/23/1997 - 06/25/2016 ||
 * [|Potentiometer] || 02/16/2006 - 09/17/2016 ||
 * [|Wheatstone's Bridge] || 02/11/2006 - 09/15/2016 ||
 * [|Simple AC Circuits] || 06/13/1998 - 09/22/2014 ||
 * [|Electromagnetic Oscillating Circuit] || 10/23/1999 - 09/05/2015 ||
 * [|Electromagnetic Wave] || 09/20/1999 - 08/06/2014 ||


 * Optics ||


 * [|Refraction of Light] || 12/20/1997 - 10/23/2014 ||
 * [|Reflection and Refraction of Light Waves (Explanation by Huygens' Principle)] || 03/05/1998 - 10/23/2014 ||
 * [|Image Formation by Converging Lenses] || 12/23/2008 - 10/22/2016 ||
 * [|Refracting Astronomical Telescope] || 03/08/2000 - 01/12/2016 ||
 * [|Interference of Light at a Double Slit] || 10/07/2003 - 11/28/2015 ||
 * [|Diffraction of Light by a Single Slit] || 10/11/2003 - 11/30/2015 ||


 * Theory of Relativity ||


 * [|Time Dilation] || 11/15/1997 - 09/06/2015 ||


 * Physics of Atoms ||


 * [|Photoelectric Effect] || 02/20/2000 - 10/25/2015 ||
 * [|Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom] || 05/30/1999 - 03/31/2016 ||


 * Nuclear Physics ||

= = = Physlets =
 * [|Law of Radioactive Decay] ||




 * > Java Phys Math ||  || Sadahisa Kamikawa ||
 * > [|The Bouncing Ball] ||^  || [|Additive Colors] ||
 * > [|The Spring Pendulum] ||^  || [|Circular Motion and SHM] ||
 * > [|The Pendulum] ||^  || [|Kepler's Laws] ||
 * > [|A Two-Resistor Circuit] ||^  || [|Electric Fields] ||
 * > [|A Four-Resistor Circuit] ||^  || [|Rainbow Formation] ||
 * > [|Kirchhoff's Rules (Circuit 1)] ||^  || [|Reflections of a Longitudinal Wave] ||
 * > [|Kirchhoff's Rules (Circuit 2)] ||^  ||   ||
 * > [|Kirchhoff's Rules (Circuit 3)] ||^  || Christian-Davisson College ||
 * > [|Kirchhoff's Rules (Circuit 4)] ||^  || [|Internal Reflection] ||
 * > [|Kirchhoff's Rules (Circuit 5)] ||^  || [|Spherical Mirrors] ||
 * > [|Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field] ||^  || [|Two-Point Source Interference] ||
 * > [|Induced Current] ||^  || [|Doppler Effect] ||
 * > [|Light Dispersion through a Glass Slab] ||^  || [|Geometric Optics] ||
 * > [|Light Dispersion through a Glass Prizm] ||^  ||   ||
 * > [|Total Internal Reflection] ||^  || Serge G. Vtorov ||
 * > [|Single Slit Diffraction] ||^  || [|Double Slit Interference] ||
 * > [|Image Formation by a Converging Lens] ||^  ||   ||
 * > [|Image Formation by a Diverging Lens] ||^  || Edward A. Zobel ||
 * > [|Image Formation by a Diverging Mirror] ||^  || [|Flute] ||
 * > [|The Laser] ||^  || [|Thumb Piano] ||
 * > [|Interaction of Radiation with an Atom] ||^  || [|Violin] ||



Some IA simulations ResistivityInAction Version 2.3 ResistivityInAction explores the factors that determine materials resistance to the flow of an electric current. The program looks at metals and semiconductors and contains a great model of a diode. In metals we see electrons make their way through a forest of obstructions, using a pinball simulation of the metal wire. The collisions affect the electrons' rate of progress and the loss of kinetic energy produces a visible rise in temperature. Tungsten with its high temperature coefficient of resistivity produces a very non linear IV curve in comparison with the nichrome wire used in the heating element. For semiconductors we use a model that focuses on the generation and destruction of mobile charge; resistivity being a strong function of the free charge density. Both electron and hole movements are modelled and in the semiconductor junction diode we see how this results in current flow in one direction. The diode model also illustrates light emission in forward bias and how, in reverse bias, the action of light on the junction can cause a current to flow. You will find the models contained in this program very useful to explain the experiments contained in 'Rock & Chips'. Select the model by clicking on a component in the cupboard. The active buttons for each component are highlighted. Change the applied potential using the battery slider or plot a complete IV graph by clicking on the 'Plot I-V Graph' button. Depending on the model selected, you will have control of parameters such as ambient temperature and heat loss. In the diode model, you can physically form the diode, make the connections and then apply a bias. [|Click here to download ResistivityInAction Version 2.3] Chemical Dice Version 2.65 For many chemical processes, involving large numbers of particles, models based on random chance fit well with experimental data. Chemical Dice V2.65 contains five different simulations, Radioactive Dice, Energetic Dice, Drunken Dice, Chemical Dice and Binomial Coins. [|Click here to download Chemical Dice Version 2.65] Each model is selected by clicking the mouse on the appropriate picture button in the PROBLEM CUPBOARD. The PROBABILITY LAB at the bottom of the window contains a number of buttons and controls that can be used to select the simulation parameters and control the experiment.
 * [[image:http://www.thesciencecupboard.com/userimages/FAST_RATE.jpg width="75" height="75"]] || The RATE button changes have fast the simulation runs ||
 * [[image:http://www.thesciencecupboard.com/userimages/TRAFFIC%20AMBER.jpg width="75" height="75"]] || The REPEAT button is used to repeat simulations with the current or new parameters. The previous data is kept and a second or third set of data is plotted on the same graph ||
 * [[image:http://www.thesciencecupboard.com/userimages/3D%20DIE.jpg width="75" height="75"]] || The THROW button starts the simulation ||
 * [[image:http://www.thesciencecupboard.com/userimages/STOP.jpg width="75" height="75"]] || The PAUSE button is used to pause or stop the simulation. Note Simulations stop automatically when the pre-programmed maximum number of throws has been met ||
 * [[image:http://www.thesciencecupboard.com/userimages/3D%20CONTINUE.jpg width="75" height="75"]] || The CONTINUE button is used to continue a paused simulation ||
 * [[image:http://www.thesciencecupboard.com/userimages/RUBBER%203D.jpg width="75" height="75"]] || The CLEAR button deletes the data from the most recent simulation ||

__Radioactive Dice__
The radioactive atoms in our simulated material are dice. The dice are rolled and any that land on the value selected, decay and are removed. At each roll of the dice the number remaining are counted and plotted against the number of throws. For radioactive decay, the rate of particle emission (atoms decaying) is proportional to the number of radioactive atoms present. Like our dice, a plot of the number of radioactive atoms remaining as a function of time will show exponential decay. Note - The Half-life (time for half the atoms to decay) of our radioactive dice is 3.8 throws:

__Energetic Dice__
The energy distribution for particles in a closed system is of particular interest. Our closed system comprises 196 dice. The total energy of the system is fixed and determined by the sum of the dice values. The energy of each die is quantised, that is it comes in fixed amounts, 1 to 6. The simulation runs randomly selecting pairs of dice with one gaining a unit of the energy from the other. Starting with a fixed total energy, made from dice with values of just 1 & 3 we see how the energy (values) of the individual die change with time. As the initial ordered state moves towards one of increasing disorder, a plot the number of dice of each value is drawn. No matter what starting state we use, the shape of the curve is the same, with most of the dice having a value of 1 and the least number of dice having a value of 6.

__Drunken Dice__
This random walk simulation gives insight into a wide range of phenomena such as Brownian motion and the distribution of molecular speeds To model molecular movement a die is rolled selecting one of six directions for the molecule to move in. Each throw of the die gives a new direction and between throws the molecule is assumed to move in a straight line. After a fixed number of throws the program calculates how far the molecule has moved and a plot of the number of journeys vs. distance moved is updated. After a large number of journeys the plot mimics the distribution of molecular speeds. Few molecules move far away from the start as the probability that the molecule will continue to travel in one direction is small. When plotting speed we are only concerned with magnitude, not direction, the circular rings near the centre are smaller than those further away and so there is less chance that the journey will end there. Together these effects give the skewed distribution observed for both our dice and real molecules. Switching to coins we can simulate a one dimensional random walk. Each time a head is thrown one step is taken in the positive direction. Tails result in movement in the opposite direction. This simulation mimics the distribution of molecular velocities. As there is equal chance of the molecule moving up as moving down, the velocity distribution is symmetric and centred on zero. Most of the molecules have zero velocity which seems intuitively wrong, but look at the Energetic Dice model. No matter what starting condition we use, more molecules have zero energy (zero velocity) than any other value. The effect of temperature is modelled by reducing the number of throws for each journey. At low temperatures the molecules would not travel so far in a given period of time as those at a higher temperature.

__Chemical Dice__
Chemical Dice simulates a simple chemical reaction. The dice are divided into two regions, the reactants (left) and the products (right). The dice are rolled and the reactants are converted to product if their value exceeds the energy barrier for the left-right reaction. Conversely the product on the right dissociates back to reactant if its value exceeds the energy barrier for the right-left reaction. The dynamic nature of this process is clearly seen and after a few throws, a state of equilibrium is achieved with the amount of reactant and product reaching stable values. The simulation shows how the ratio of product to reactant is a function of the height of the energy barriers for the left-right and right-left processes.

__Binomial Coins__
Binomial Coins looks at possible outcomes of a sequence of non conditional events. By non conditional, we mean that the outcome of any one event is not dependent on any other. For instance, we might be interested in the probability of getting the result, three heads when three coins are tossed. The outcome from any one coin does not depend on the outcome of any other, but for truly random coins we inspect to get on of average three heads one time in eight. If we plot the probability of all possible results, the distribution has a bell shaped form. For large numbers of coins this is the normal or Gaussian distribution typically observed in many natural processes, such as the height of people or the velocity of molecules in a gas. And now for the maths bit. Rocket Designer Version 3.2 Rocket Designer 3.2 is a fun, interactive tool for studying the mechanics of water powered rockets. In Rocket Designer 3.2, the rocket is assembled from parts in the Parts Cupboard. Priming the rocket takes place on the Launch Pad with controls for adding air and water. Press the LAUNCH button and off it goes. The Flight Data is updated in real time and at the end of the flight the Analysis panel enables you to see in detail what happened, learning valuable lessons for further flights. The thrill of a water powered rocket comes from the speed that the water is ejected out of the bottle, but just how fast? In Rocket Designer 3.2, Pressure, the amount of water, bottle size, outlet (nozzle) diameter and the rocket's shape can all be changed. The software will simulate the flight and provide a wide range of flight data for analysis and discussion at the end. Radio buttons, in the Analysis panel, let you select plots of height, speed, acceleration, pressure and mass as a function of time. The maximum values of these variables during the flight are also displayed allowing different rockets and starting conditions to be compared. Data for up to three flights is displayed allowing you to compare rockets launched at different pressures or with different amounts of water. [|Click here to download Rocket Designer Version 3.2]
 * [|AMAZING SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS]
 * [|CRYSTAL TREES]
 * [|MAKING YOUR OWN SEMICONDUCTORS]
 * [|MR FARADAY'S CANDLE]
 * [|SUPER SCIENCE SOFTWARE]

© The Science Cupboard | created at www.mrsite.com